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全球氣候變遷生物監測-太魯閣國家公園鳥類長期監測計畫(1)

  • 發布日期:105-04-28
  • 瀏覽數:1750
研究單位
國立東華大學
作者
許育誠
摘要

關鍵詞:鳥類、繫放、血液寄生蟲

一、研究緣起
太魯閣國家公園區內鳥類資源豐富,除涵蓋臺灣棲息在各海拔環境的留棲性鳥類外,區內冬季休耕的農業用地,是許多小型候鳥度冬的重要環境。全球氣候變遷一方面可能影響鳥類分佈的海拔變動,另一方面也可能對候鳥遷移的習性產生影響。太魯閣國家公園同時提供了探討這二類鳥類受到氣候變遷可能影響的場域。過去在太魯閣國家公園的鳥類繫放研究,發現許多園區內新紀錄的鳥種(許育誠 2011),顯示鳥類繫放是研究鳥類多樣性的有效工具。本研究擬在園區內不同海拔地區進行鳥類繫放,收集不同地區鳥種組成的季節組成資料,並利用繫放採得的遺傳樣本,進行遺傳多樣性的相關研究。探討園區內候鳥和留鳥間寄生蟲疾病的遺傳多樣性。未來可將研究成果擴及候鳥的繁殖地區,進行跨區域的整合研究。

二、研究方法及過程
在三個海拔高度的地區各選定一個樣區,作為長期固定繫放的地點。每季在各樣區至少各進行一次鳥類繫放調查,繫放以霧網捕捉,主要對象為數量較多的非保育類鳥類。捕捉到的個體分別進行標記、測量和採集血樣後於原地野放。從繫放時採得的血液樣本萃取DNA,以巢式聚合酶連鎖反應,檢測園區內數量最多的冬候鳥黑臉鵐血液寄生蟲的盛行率、分析各亞種間血液寄生蟲盛行率的差異、寄生蟲在各亞種間的分化狀況,並比較候鳥和留鳥是否感染相同的血液寄生蟲。

三、重要發現
今年一共在太魯閣國家公園園區內繫放45種、 1042隻鳥類,其中包括四種太魯閣國家公園的新紀錄種。繫放-回收資料顯示中海拔地區的鳥類會在鄰近的開墾地之間移動。相較於低海拔地區,高海拔地區鳥類的活動範圍似乎較廣,繫放個體重新被捕獲的數量較少,每次繫放回收的間隔時間也較長。
候鳥血液寄生蟲盛行率的研究則顯示不同亞種宿主間,血液寄生蟲沒有明顯的遺傳分化;而留鳥和候鳥間則沒有共同基因型的血液寄生蟲。

四、主要建議事項
根據本年度研究成果及研究過程中的發現和心得,提出以下二項建議:(一)持續進行太魯閣國家公園鳥類的長期繫放、(二)與東亞各國進行小型鳥類繫放交流。
立即可行建議:持續進行太魯閣國家公園鳥類的長期繫放
主辦單位:太魯閣國家公園
協辦單位:具鳥類繫放經驗的研究單位或民間團體
本研究希望建立國家公園區內不同海拔高度的鳥類長期繫放作業,並收集各地點的鳥類繫放資料。今年的繫放工作中,我們持續發現園區新紀錄的鳥種,後續應還會有更多新紀錄的鳥種經由繫放而被發現。
國內的鳥類繫放工作,大多是由鳥會等民間團體進行,重點在建立鳥類辨識與形值資料的收集,以及透過回收,瞭解鳥類的遷移等。近年來開始有利用繁殖季的固定努力量繫放,檢測台灣留棲性鳥類的繁殖狀況等。而我們在太魯閣國家公園內的鳥類繫放工作,除了前述目標外,還藉由繫放操作時收集鳥類的組織樣本,進行遺傳分析與疾病檢測等。若能持續進行,更可以利用回收資料,估算各種鳥類的存活率等生活史參數。

中長期建議:與東亞各國進行小型鳥類繫放交流
主辦單位:太魯閣國家公園管理處
協辦單位:具鳥類繫放經驗的研究單位或民間團體

鳥類繫放的跨國合作,可以建立候鳥遷移的路線,長期的資料累積還可以作為研究氣候變遷等環境議題對生物影的重要資訊。在東亞地區,可能由於回收率低,目前尚無大規模的跨國繫放合作。
在太魯閣地區,每年均有大量的黑臉鵐在此度冬,在東亞地區,同樣以黑臉鵐為主要繫放鳥種的還有南韓的Hong-do和Heuksan-do等地的繫放站。黑臉鵐是當地數量最多的過境鳥種(Nam et al. 2011)。未來若能與當地鳥類繫放人員合作,連接鳥類遷徙的過境點(stopover site)和度冬地的繫放工作,分享二地的繫放資料,將有助於瞭解此Abstract

Keywords: Bird, Bird banding, Avian haemosporidian parasites

1. Introduction
The mountainous topology of the Taroko National Park provides various habitats for birds. The farmland fallow in winter provides important wintering habitats for migratory birds. Bird banding has been proved an effective way to record new species in the Park. In this study, by using mist-netting, we conducted extensive bird banding. The aim of this study are to collect species composition data in different seasons, and to collect blood samples from migratory birds for avian haemosporidian parasite analyses.

2. Materials and methods
We conducted bird banding at low, middle and high elevation sites at least once per season. We target at small-sized passerines. All birds were banded and measured when caught, after collecting some blood sample, the birds were released immediately. Using the blood samples from the Black-faced Bunting (Emberiza spodocephela), we extracted DNA and then conducted nested polymerase chain reaction to examine the existence of avian haemosporidian parasites. We then sequenced the parasites’ mitochondrial DNA to dicide the lineage of parasites and their specificity to different subspecies of Black-faced Bunting, as well as to different host species.

3. Main findings
In total, we have banded 1,042 birds from 45 species this year, four species of them were new records in the Taroko National Park. In mid-elevation areas, we recovered some birds in different localities, indicating that they can frequently move among fallow farmland in mid-elevation area. Compared thewith low-elevation site, in high-elevation site, the birds seem to use a wider activity range with fewer species were recaptured, lower recover rate in several common species and more long-interval recaptures.
Blood parasite analysis revealed no difference in the prevalence of avian haemosporidian parasites in three subspecies of Black-faced Bunting. There is no parasite lineage share between the Black-faced Bunting and Timalidae babblers.

4. Suggestions
(1) Conduct long-term bird banding
Bird banding is an effective method to find cryptic bird species, with more birds banding practices, more new species will be found in the future. In addition, while holding birds in hands, we can collect body measurements data and biological materials (feather, blood, feces etc.) for other researches. The recapture of banded birds allow us to estimate the migration and survival rate of birds.

(2) International cooperation to study the migration of small passerines.
Few international bird banding cooperation was conducted in East Asia. By connecting bird banding sites along their potential migration routes, we can collect data such as their presence data, sex ration and body mass change. These information will contribute our understanding to the migration ecology of migratory birds of Taroko National Park.